Part B · Chromatography and water Separating and purifying substances mind map

Chromatography

• Setup: Pencil baseline above solvent; small sample / reference spots
• Separation: Different solubility and attraction to stationary phase
• Front: Mark solvent front immediately; measure from baseline
• Retention factor: R_f = spot distance ÷ front distance; 3 ÷ 6 = 0.5
• Evidence: Several spots: mixture; matches support, not prove, identity

Water

• Potable: Safe to drink; need not be chemically pure
• Fresh water: Settle solids → filter particles → disinfect microbes
• Desalination: Distillation removes dissolved salts; needs energy
• Analysis: Use distilled / deionised water to avoid contamination
• Select treatment: Particles, microbes and salts require different steps

Connections

• Chromatography → Water: Different separations target different contaminants.
• Water → Chromatography: Clean analytical water avoids sample contamination.