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Ecosystem links
Components: Biotic life interacts with abiotic light, water, soil and climate
Feeding: Producers → consumers; arrows show food-to-eater energy transfer
Decomposers: Dead matter → available nutrients; energy lost as heat, not recycled
Change: Seasonal populations fluctuate; balance is dynamic
UK pond
Conditions: Light, depth, nutrients, temperature and oxygen affect life
Example chain: Algae → water fleas → small fish → heron; illustrative, not fieldwork
Plants / litter: Food, shelter and photosynthesis; respiration/decomposition use oxygen
Eutrophication: Extra fertiliser → algae → decomposition → less oxygen
