H5 · Republic / Early crises 1 / Early crises 2 / Recovery 1 Weimar and Nazi Germany, 1918–39 mind map
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Republic
War ends: Defeat, hardship and unrest ended imperial rule
New republic: Ebert led transition amid competing revolutionary aims
Democratic strengths: Universal suffrage and elected institutions widened participation
Constitutional weaknesses: Coalitions and emergency powers could weaken parliamentary rule
Early crises 1
Stab-in-the-back myth: Opponents falsely blamed civilian leaders for defeat
Versailles terms: 1919 losses, disarmament and reparations fuelled resentment
Spartacist rising: January 1919 communist challenge was crushed by Freikorps
Kapp Putsch: 1920 right-wing takeover failed after a general strike
Early crises 2
Ruhr occupation: 1923 reparations dispute met French and Belgian force
Hyperinflation: 1923 money lost value; effects differed between groups
Recovery 1
Stresemann stabilises: Ending resistance and introducing currency restored confidence
Dawes and Young: US loans and reparations changes aided fragile recovery
International acceptance: Locarno and League entry improved diplomatic standing
Living standards: Housing and wages improved unevenly during recovery
Connections
Republic → Early crises 1: Democratic institutions faced armed challenges and nationalist attacks from the start.
Early crises 2 → Recovery 1: Economic crisis prompted stabilisation but recovery retained foreign-loan dependence.
