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Read the mind map as text Reactivity Order: K Na Ca Mg Al C Zn Fe H Cu Ag Au; C / H are comparisonsWater / acid: Reactive metals release H₂; oxide coatings affect observationsDisplacement: More reactive metal replaces a less reactive metalRedox: Zn loses e⁻; Cu²⁺ gains e⁻; Zn + Cu²⁺ → Zn²⁺ + CuOxygen transfer: Oxidation gains O; reduction loses O; energetic reactions need careExtraction Ores: Enough metal for worthwhile extraction; gold may be nativeBelow carbon: Reduce oxides with C / CO; Fe₂O₃ + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO₂Above carbon: Molten electrolysis; alumina in cryolite reduces temperatureEconomics: Energy, costs and impacts matter; low-grade ores consideredBiological · Higher: Bioleaching: soluble compounds; plants → ash in phytoextractionTrade-offs: Biological methods may reduce mining impacts but can be slowCorrosion Rusting: Iron needs oxygen AND water; porous rust does not protectAluminium: Adherent oxide barrier protects despite high reactivityBarriers: Paint / oil exclude air and water; damage may expose ironSacrificial: More reactive metal oxidises instead; must be replacedLife cycle Recycle: Conserve ores / reduce impacts; sorting and remelting still costStages: Raw materials → manufacture → use → disposal / recyclingFair comparison: Same useful service; repeated use can offset initial impactEvidence: Energy, emissions, waste, assumptions; no single complete scoreBreak-even: 100 + uses versus 6 × uses; equal at 20 usesConnections Reactivity → Extraction: Reactivity determines the feasible extraction route. Reactivity → Corrosion: A more reactive metal provides sacrificial protection. 