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Read the mind map as text Ion formation Charge: Electrons lost → cation; gained → anion; protons stayExamples: Na⁺ / Mg²⁺ lose electrons; Cl⁻ / O²⁻ gainPatterns: Main-group charges follow outer electrons; full-shell ionsIonic bond: Strong electrostatic attraction between opposite ionsDiagrams: Brackets, charges, full outer shells; transfer ≠ bond itselfFormulae Neutral ratio: Simplest whole-number ratio; not a discrete moleculeBalance charges: MgCl₂, Na₂O, Al₂O₃; total + charge = total − chargeGroups: Ca(NO₃)₂ preserves nitrate; NH₄⁺ and SO₄²⁻ are ionsNotation: Subscript: atom / group count; superscript: ion chargeGiant lattice Structure: Alternating ions attract neighbours in three dimensionsMelting: Strong attractions need much energy to overcomeConduction: Solid: fixed ions; molten / dissolved: mobile ionsBrittleness: Shifted layers align like charges → repulsion / splittingEvidence Infer structure: High melting; conducts molten, not solidCharge carriers: Mobile ions, unlike delocalised electrons in metalsElectrolysis: Cations → negative cathode; anions → positive anodeExplain: Flat model simplifies; link observations to attractions / motionConnections Ion formation → Formulae: Ion charges determine neutral formula ratios. Giant lattice → Evidence: Mobile ions explain molten conduction. 