SC7 Types of substance mind map

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SC7 Types of substance mind map

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Structure

Compare: Ionic, molecular, giant covalent and metallic structures
Infer from data: Use several properties, not just appearance
Model choices: Electron diagrams, lattice slices and space filling have limits
Explain uses: Structure → property → use; account for exceptions

Carbon networks

Allotropes: Same element, different structures
Diamond: Four bonds per C; rigid 3D network → hard / high melting
Diamond electrons: No mobile carriers; insoluble; local sketch ≠ molecule
Graphite: Three bonds per C; layers slide because weak interlayer forces
Conduction: Delocalised electrons carry charge, not sliding layers
Graphene: Single strong conducting layer; nanotube = rolled-like sheet

Fullerenes

Cages: C₆₀: sixty C atoms; hollow cage / ring structure
Molecular solid: Strong cage bonds; weaker forces between molecules
Potential uses: Cages can enclose substances; applications require evidence
Nanotubes: Strong hollow tubes; reinforcement / catalyst supports
Model limits: Ball / stick exaggerates gaps and bond thickness

Metals

Bonding: Positive-ion lattice attracts delocalised electrons
Transport: Mobile electrons carry charge; transfer thermal energy too
Shaping: Layers slide while attraction remains → malleable / ductile
Melting: Often high; depends on the particular metal
Alloys: Different-sized atoms disrupt sliding; often harder

Connections

Structure → Carbon networks: Bonding patterns explain contrasting carbon properties.
Carbon networks → Metals: Delocalised electrons explain conduction in graphite and metals.