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Resultant
Vector sum: Combine directions; 1,000 N forward − 500 N drag = 500 N
First law: Zero resultant → rest or constant velocity, not no forces
Acceleration: Unbalanced force changes velocity; circular force points inward
Second law: F = ma; larger mass at same force → smaller acceleration
Trolley practical: Change force or total moving mass; control friction / release
Third law: Equal opposite same-type forces act on DIFFERENT objects
Weight / drag
Mass and weight: Mass kg / inertia; weight N; W = mg
Measurement: 6 kg → 60 N at g = 10 N/kg; W–m slope gives g
Fluid resistance: Drag opposes relative motion; increases with speed
Terminal velocity: Drag rises until balances weight; falling speed constant
Parachute: More drag slows descent to a lower terminal velocity
Momentum · Higher
Momentum: p = mv; kg m/s; use signed velocities
Conservation: No resultant external force → total before = total after
Sticking example: 2 kg × 3 m/s = 3 kg × 2 m/s
Collision force: Average F = Δp/Δt; longer stopping time reduces force
Energy distinction: Momentum conserved does not imply kinetic energy conserved
Stopping
Two distances: Stopping = thinking + braking
Thinking: Speed × reaction time; 20 m/s × 0.5 s = 10 m
