G13 · Part A — Urban growth and Mumbai Urban issues and challenges mind map
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Urban growth
Distinguish: Urbanisation = urban percentage; urban growth = more residents
Megacity: Over ten million; compare like boundaries
Migration: Rural push: few jobs/services; urban pull: work, study and family
Natural increase: Births exceed deaths; young populations can keep growing
Opportunities
Connections: Workers, markets, ports and networks support firms and services
Employment: Industry/suppliers; formal and informal work differ in security
Services: Health, education, power and water; access is not equal
Urban challenges
Infrastructure: Growth can outpace homes and services; poverty restricts choices
Health / flooding: Crowding, sanitation, waste-blocked drains and unsafe water
Pollution / work: Traffic/emissions and insecure work; avoid stereotypes
Responses: Consult on upgrading; relocation can separate jobs/support networks
Mumbai
Location / growth: West India/Arabian Sea; migration/births; Maharashtra capital
Economy / services: Port, finance, film and informal workshops; unequal access
Challenges: Monsoon floods, poor drainage/sanitation and congested transport
Planning example: Slum Sanitation Programme: community toilets and local upkeep
Judge mechanisms: Upgrading can improve health/access; maintenance/affordability matter
Connections
Urban growth → Urban challenges: Rapid change can outpace infrastructure
Opportunities → Mumbai: Economic growth does not guarantee equal access
